An electronic library on bioterrorism is available with 1,600+ news articles that appeared in this site during two years from October 2001 through September 2003.  The information, in a standard printable format free of advertising, is intended for teachers, scholars, students, health professionals and the general public.  The site should be especially useful for contemporary historians and others who are interested in issues and events that greatly transformed American priorities and funding following the devastating air attack of September 11, 2001.  Please feel encouraged to share this unique news link with interested colleagues.

Contemporary History of Bioterrorism

End of daily news coverage: October 1, 2003


This site provides educational information from the news media on possible biological weapons, considered in an epidemiologic and public health context. Different from biologic warfare which attempts to kill, bioterrorism  thrives on public fear, potentially immobilizing or demoralizing a population.  Countering such fears are public knowledge and purposeful scientific and political action (click for more). The site is maintained as a public service by Professor Emeritus Ralph R. Frerichs of the UCLA Department of Epidemiology and is intended for noncommercial use by students, health professionals and the general population. 


DISEASE DETECTIVES

AMERICAN ANTHRAX OUTBREAK OF 2001

During September-November 2001, an outbreak of intentionally-spread anthrax in the United States caused five deaths and a total of 22 infections (18 confirmed and 4 suspicious).  Click on the disease detective at left for details of the anthrax outbreak investigation, including spore-laden letters, disease onset graphs, case histories, and epidemiologic conclusions. 

   

 

POTENTIAL MICROBIAL WEAPONS

The most likely biological weapons are the agents that cause anthrax, smallpox, botulism, tularemia, and pneumonic plague. Click here for a summary table.  Please note that Hemorrhagic Fever is not included in this table. 

PUBLIC HEALTH BIOTERRORISM PREPAREDNESS AND RESPONSE

Los Angeles County (DHS)

California (DHS)

United States (CDC)

World Health Organization (WHO Outbreak News)    

RELEVANT NEWS/COMMENTARY ARTICLES  

Thoughtful writings in the news media on the public health threat or epidemiological impact of biological weapons and related events.

Click here for archives of earlier relevant articles

UC Davis reverses on biolab warnings (9/4/03)

UC Davis fails to win $59 million grant that would have helped fund bio lab (9/4/03)

Schools to develop bioterrorism vaccines (9/7/03)

New steps urged to curb biological weapons threat (9/9/03)

Hopkins' biodefense staff departing (9/17/03)

Bioterrorism poses new threat to US national security (9/18/03)

FDA head criticizes public health service plan (9/20/03)

Biosafety lab would imperil city of Davis, some contend (9/22/03)

The flu factor In bioterrorism (9/23/03)

F.B.I. names top scientists for advisory panel on germs (9/26/03)

Public health programs feared lost in new battle (9/28/03)

Boston, Texas win biodefense lab money (9/30/03)

CURRENT PUBLIC HEALTH AND CLINICAL DESCRIPTION

Anthrax

Control of Communicable Disease Manual (APHA), 2000.

World Health Organization Outbreak News

    -Click for worldwide occurrence of anthrax since 1997

Click here for archives of earlier CDC items

Anthrax News Stories and Journal Articles

Click here for archives of earlier news stories and articles

Hatfill ex-colleague gets FBI job  (9/7/03)

Anthrax kills 10 cows in Tripp County (9/13/03)

The pursuit of Steven Hatfill  (9/14/03)

Human Genome says it created Anthrax antibody (9/15/03)

The message in the Anthrax (posted 9/15/03)

Reporter interview on Steven Hatfill article (9/15/03)

Anthrax lab closes in on DNA marker (9/15/03)

VANITY FARCE? Hatfill lawyer rips mag's Anthrax article (9/15/03)

Anthrax survivors find life a struggle (9/18/03)

Anthrax victim's family sues U.S. government (9/25/03)

Developments in Anthrax scare of 2001 (9/27/03)

Security at issue in widow's case (9/29/03)

D.C. FBI chief regrets leaks and labels in Anthrax case (9/30/03)

FBI fails to re-create Anthrax production (9/30/03)

Smallpox 

Control of Communicable Disease Manual (APHA), 2000.

World Health Organization Outbreak News

    -Click for worldwide occurrence of smallpox vaccine problems since 2000

Click here for archives of earlier CDC items

Smallpox News Stories and Journal Articles

Click here for archives of earlier news stories and articles

With demand lacking, Smallpox vaccine expiring (8/23/03)

CDC seeks Smallpox shot rates (8/26/03)

Acambis completes Smallpox vaccine programme (8/27/03)

Acambis swings to profit; CEO will resign position (9/16/03)

GMU, GW in patent, ethics dispute (9/17/03)

AP: no evidence Iraq stockpiled Smallpox (9/18/03)

Botulism

Control of Communicable Disease Manual (APHA), 2000.

Botulism News Stories and Journal Articles

Botulinum Toxin as a Biological Weapon. JAMA 285(8), 2001.

 Complications feared if rush to Botox occurs (4/22/02)

Botulism vaccine created at UCSF (8/5/02)

Tularemia 

Control of Communicable Disease Manual (APHA), 2000.

World Health Organization Outbreak News

    -Click for worldwide occurrence of tularemia since 2000

Tularemia News Stories and Journal Articles

Tularemia as a Biological Weapon. JAMA 285(21), 2001.

  An outbreak of primary pneumonic Tularemia on Martha's Vineyard.  NEJM 345 (22): 2001 (11/29/01)

Tularemia revisited. NEJM  345 (22): 2001 (11/29/01)

US warns doctors of possible biological war agent (3/7/02)

Tularemia -- United States, 1990-2000, MMWR 59(09): 2002 (3/8/02)

Case of Tularemia found in Madison County cat (5/24/03)

UCI scientists join fight against terror (8/27/03)

Pneumonic Plague

Control of Communicable Disease Manual (APHA), 2000.

World Health Organization Outbreak News

    -Click for worldwide occurrence of plague since 1997

Click here for archives of earlier professional items

Plague News Stories and Journal Articles

Click here for archives of earlier news stories and articles

Tech professor pleads innocent in plague case (5/10/03)

Colleagues defend Tech professor accused in missing-plague case (6/13/03)

Arizona plague's DNA is mapped (7/2/03)

Algeria hit by plague outbreak (7/10/03)

Science groups protest researcher's treatment (8/28/03)

Charges against scientist widened (9/4/03)

Academy accuses US over prosecution of scientist (9/19/03)

Mr. Butler and the law (9/25/03)

EPILOGUE

Researcher Who Was Convicted in Plague Case Is Sentenced to 2 Years in Jail (3/19/04)

Hemorrhagic Fever

Control of Communicable Disease Manual (APHA), 2000.

World Health Organization Outbreak News

    -Click for worldwide occurrence of Ebola since 1996

Hemorrhagic Fever News Stories and Journal Articles

Click here for archives of earlier stories and articles

WHO: Ebola outbreak spreads to Gabon (6/25/02)

Ebola outbreak 'may spread' in Congo (2/11/03)

Death toll from suspected Ebola reaches 51 in Congo (2/14/03)

Ebola outbreak confirmed in Congo (2/18/03)

New Ebola outbreak reported in Congo (2/26/03)

Ebola outbreak kills 100 in Congo (3/11/03)

Ebola death toll in Congo keeps climbing (3/15/03)

Death toll from Congo's Ebola outbreak reaches 120 (4/9/03)

Scientists achieve unexpected success With Ebola vaccine  (8/7/03)

THE SVERDLOVSK ANTHRAX OUTBREAK OF 1979

In 1979, an outbreak of largely inhalation anthrax occurred in Sverdlovsk, Russia in which 66 individuals were documented to have died of anthrax and 11 infected persons were known to have survived.  Click here to read the scientific article.

THE NEW HAMPSHIRE ANTHRAX OUTBREAK OF 1957

The only American inhalation anthrax outbreak in the twentieth century occurred in 1957 in a goat hair processing mill in Manchester, New Hampshire.  Comprising the outbreak were five inhalation (four fatal) and four cutaneous anthrax cases. Click here for the seminal scientific article on the epidemiological outbreak.

News media follow-up of Anthrax outbreak of 1957 (10/27/01)

UCLA CENTER FOR PUBLIC HEALTH AND DISASTERS

The mission of the Center is to promote interdisciplinary efforts to reduce the health impacts of domestic and international, natural and human-generated disasters. To view its website, click here.

LECTURES AND TUTORIALS

Supercourse: Anthrax, Humberto Guerra, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Peru (mid - 2000)

Tutorial: Inhalation Anthrax, US Armed Forces Institute of Pathology (October, 2001)

Tutorial: Anthrax and Bioterrorism, US National Library of Medicine: (November, 2001)

Graph: Anthrax life cycle, Knight Ridder/Tribune (2001)

Video Tutorial: Bioterrorism, Washington Post

Anthrax (10/24/01)

Increased preparedness (February, 2002)

Public health concerns (February, 2002)